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Like the OSI model, the TCP/IP stack is a conceptual model for data exchange standards.

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Protocols in this layer ensure the error free transmission of data to the source, except for UDP because it has more limited error checking capability. TCP exists in the transport layer with other protocols, such as UDP.

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It depicts a series of layers that represent the way data is handled and packaged by a series of protocols as it makes its way from client to server and vice versa. The TCP/IP stack is a model that represents how data is organized and exchanged over networks using the TCP/IP protocol. It is also nonproprietary, meaning no one person or company owns it. TCP is flexible and highly scalable, meaning new protocols can be introduced to it, and it will accommodate them.

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It is the foundation for the internet as it currently exists and ensures that data transmission is carried out uniformly, regardless of the location, hardware or software involved. TCP is important because it establishes the rules and standard procedures for the way information is communicated over the internet. These examples all exist at the application layer of the TCP/IP stack and send data downwards to TCP on the transport layer. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ( SMTP ), Post Office Protocol (POP), Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP): For sending and receiving email.Secure Shell ( SSH ), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Telnet : For peer-to-peer file sharing, and, in Telnet's case, logging into another user's computer to access a file.For this reason, it is used to transmit data from other higher-level protocols that require all transmitted data to arrive.Įxamples of these protocols include the following: It guarantees the integrity of data sent over the network, regardless of the amount. TCP is used for organizing data in a way that ensures the secure transmission between the server and client. The UDP header also goes through much less processing at the transport layer in the interest of reduced latency. The header of a UDP datagram contains far less information than a TCP segment header. Instead of correcting invalid data packets, as TCP does, UDP discards those packets and defers to the application layer for more detailed error detection. UDP is classified as a datagram protocol, or connectionless protocol, because it has no way of detecting whether both applications have finished their back-and-forth communication. Highly time-sensitive applications, such as voice over IP (VoIP), streaming video and gaming, generally rely on a transport process such as User Datagram Protocol ( UDP), because it reduces latency and jitter by not reordering packets or retransmitting missing data. This process of error detection, in which TCP retransmits and reorders packets after they arrive, can introduce latency in a TCP stream. The TCP layer then assembles the packets into a file and delivers the file to the receiving application. It then acknowledges those it receives and asks for the retransmission of any it does not, based on missing packet numbers. The TCP program layer in the client computer waits until all packets have arrived. Compare the different layers in the TCP/IP stack and the OSI model.Īlthough each packet in the transmission has the same source and destination IP address, packets may be sent along multiple routes. The TCP stack divides the file into data packets, numbers them and then forwards them individually to the IP layer for delivery. The HTTP program layer asks the TCP layer to set up the connection and send the file.

When a web server sends an HTML file to a client, it uses the hypertext transfer protocol ( HTTP) to do so. In the Open Systems Interconnection ( OSI) communication model, TCP covers parts of Layer 4, the transport layer, and parts of Layer 5, the session layer.

handles retransmission of dropped or garbled packets, as it's meant to provide error-free data transmission and.

sends packets to, and accepts packets from, the network layer.

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determines how to break application data into packets that networks can deliver.

TCP is a connection-oriented protocol, which means a connection is established and maintained until the applications at each end have finished exchanging messages. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) defines TCP in the Request for Comment (RFC) standards document number 793. Together, TCP and IP are the basic rules that define the internet. TCP works with the Internet Protocol ( IP), which defines how computers send packets of data to each other. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a standard that defines how to establish and maintain a network conversation by which applications can exchange data. What is Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)?